Kingston upon Thames manufacturing history

Kingston was possibly the most important market town in Surrey. Like so many places, its history was built on the wool trade. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries it supplied London first with Surrey Whitewear pottery and then with Redwear. As London grew, Kingston supplied many of its needs using the Thames as the vital transport link. Turnpikes were built, but the Thames reigned supreme until the railways arrived in 1838. This first Kingston station was in Surbiton, but Kingston was becoming a centre for the growing residential areas of Surbiton, New Malden and Chessington.

Manufacturing came in earnest in the First World War, first with Thomas Sopwith manufacturing aircraft which would become iconic for the part they played in the war effort. It was all about the internal combustion engine. Racing driver, Kenelm Lee Guinness formed the KLG spark plug company to manufacture the version of the spark plug which he had invented. Bus and lorry manufacturer, Leyland, built their vehicles for the war effort.

Harry Hawker, who was Sopwith's chief test pilot, formed his own Hawker Aircraft Company after the war and it was agreed that the companies should be joined. Tragically he died in a flying accident in 1921 the year his company merged with Sopwith. Thomas Sopwith became chairman of the combined company which continued to develop aircraft in Kingston. In 1934 Hawker Siddeley was formed which drew together Hawker, Gloster of Cheltenham, Sir William Armstrong of Elswick, Newcastle and Armstrong Siddeley of Coventry.

In the Second World War, Hawkers manufactured their equally iconic Hurricane Fighter using also factory space at Langley near Slough. Leyland manufactured lorries and also tanks including Churchills, Centaurs and Comets. They built bombs at a rate of 400,000 a month. John Perrings made radio sets in a secret workshop above his furniture shop using employees seconded from the Hoover factory at Perrivale to teach his staff the necessary skills. Siebe Gorman in nearby Chessington made rubber suits for navy divers.

After the war Hawker Siddeley went on to produce further acclaimed aircraft not least the Harrier and it became part of the British Aircraft Corporation and then British Aerospace. The successor, BAE Systems, closed the Kingston factory in 1992. I write of the post war aircraft industry in Vehicles to Vaccines. The Hawk jet, produced by BAE Systems flown by the Red Arrows, was developed under Hawker ownership.

Decca Radar had a significant presence in Chessington and Tolworth and also in nearby Addlestone. The company emerged from the Decca Record Company in 1947 and moved to Tolworth in 1951. Three years later premises were taken in Chessington. Heavy radar for air traffic control and air defence was based in Tolworth. In the mid fifties, government informed the company that any further expansion had to be outside the immediate Surrey area and a site was taken on the Isle of Wight. Heavy radar was sold to Plessey in 1964. The remaining Surrey operations were focused on marine radar and this was bought by Racal in 1979. The legacy of Decca radar is now within BAE Systems.

Further reading:

• Shaan Butters, The Book of Kingston (Cardiff: Baron Books, 1995)
• https://woottonbridgeiow.org.uk/decca-legacy/index.php

Bracknell manufacturing history

 A small village on the road to the west of England was how Bracknell was described in the mid nineteenth century. It then set about growing. Thomas Lawrence founded a brickworks producing twelve million bricks a year by the end of the nineteenth century, bricks that would find their way into buildings including Eton College, 10 Downing Street and Westminster Cathedral.

Its designation as a new town came in the late forties with work beginning in 1950. The plan was ambitious and provided for employment as well as homes and leisure. Work on the first factory for Fluidrive began in 1951 followed by Kent Bros. & Phillips. In 1961 the numbers employed in factories passed 6,000.

George Rowney & Co, founded in 1783, opened their factory in Bracknell moving from units in Chalk Farm and the Euston Road. Rowney became part of Morgan Crucible and set up their head office in Bracknell. They were later bought by Dale Board, another artist materials business, and still manufacture in the town. Rowney are one of the few companies at both the Great Exhibition of 1851 and the Festival of Britain a century later.

The American Sperry, with their artificial horizon equipment for aircraft, moved their whole UK establishment from Brentford in 1968. Sperry would remain the largest employer until the plant was closed under the ownership of BAE Systems.

Racal set up their first factory in the fifties bussing their workforce of one hundred daily from Isleworth until houses were completed. By 1981, Racal had a worldwide workforce of 18,000. Racal spun off Vodaphone which continued a presence in the town.

Expandite, a supplier to the construction industry, bought Secomastic in 1956 and manufactured alongside operating a contracting division. ICI's agricultural research centre was nearby at Jealott's Hill. Ferranti digital systems and aircraft design was based here.

Honeywell Control Systems, ICL (now Fujitsu), 3M, Dell, NetGear, Panasonic, Hewlett Packard Techologies and Micron Technologies semi-conductors are some of the companies with a presence in Bracknell making it a technological hub and part of the Thames Valley 'Silicon Valley'.

Further reading:

Henry and Judith Parris, Bracknell - The making of a New Town (Bracknell Development Corporation, 1981)